Richard Banduric details a DARPA-funded project aiming to break Green’s reciprocity for propulsion by leveraging relativistic electrodynamics. The core issue lies in the limitations of Maxwell’s equations, specifically the omission of the magnetic scalar potential and the reliance on gauges that assume a flat magnetic scalar potential across the universe. The Aharonov-Bohm effect proves this potential is physically real and measurable. The project challenges the superposition principle in electromagnetism, demonstrating that it breaks down when considering multiple charges in different inertial frames with varying drift velocities, particularly with dissimilar materials like copper and graphene. Experiments show that grounding is crucial for accurate electromagnetic calculations, and ungrounded circuits exhibit charge imbalances.

A novel device design, utilizing materials with vastly different drift velocities (e.g., CVD graphene and aerogel), is presented. This design generates a measurable upward force (approximately 200 millinewtons) by exploiting longitudinal and lateral forces not accounted for in conventional electromagnetics. The device operates without propellant, seemingly defying conventional understanding of Newton’s third law, but adhering to a relativistic modification. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the need for a revised understanding of electromagnetism to unlock the potential of field propulsion.

The Problem with Maxwell’s Equations (and Gauges): A Deeper Dive

The foundation of modern electromagnetism rests on Maxwell’s equations, specifically the Heaviside-Gibbs reformulation. However, this simplification omits a crucial element: the magnetic scalar potential. While deemed unmeasurable before the 1960s and subsequently treated as a mathematical abstraction, the Aharonov-Bohm effect proved its physical reality and measurability. The use of Lorentz and Coulomb gauges, which effectively set the scalar potential to zero, is deemed inadequate for a complete understanding of electrodynamics, especially in systems involving multiple materials and velocities.

Green’s Reciprocity: The Achilles Heel of Conventional Electromagnetism

Green’s reciprocity theorem states that the forces from multiple sources sum linearly (superposition). However, this principle breaks down when considering relativistic effects and different inertial reference frames. The presentation highlights that the seemingly simple calculation of magnetic force between current-carrying wires ignores the complex interplay of forces from electrons and protons in different frames of reference. This necessitates a more nuanced model that accounts for the varying perspectives of charges moving at different velocities.

Beyond Superposition: Unveiling the Hidden Forces

The core of the DARPA project lies in recognizing that the conventional understanding of electromagnetism, based on superposition, is an oversimplification. Richard Banduric demonstrates that when dealing with conductors of different materials (e.g., copper and graphene) with varying drift velocities, the superposition principle fails. This failure stems from the fact that the forces experienced by charges in different inertial frames do not simply add up.

The presentation introduces a new mathematical framework that accounts for these previously neglected interactions. This framework reveals three key force components:

• Perpendicular Force: The familiar magnetic force, arising from the cross product of current and magnetic field.
• Longitudinal Force: A force along the direction of current flow, arising from scalar electric potentials and previously ignored in conventional electromagnetism.
• Lateral Force: Internal stresses within the conductor, influenced by both longitudinal and perpendicular forces.

Experimental Validation: Challenging the Status Quo

Richard Banduric details a series of experiments designed to validate this new model. These experiments, conducted without grounding to avoid masking the effects of the magnetic scalar potential, reveal significant charge transfer between conductors of different materials. The results demonstrate the existence of longitudinal forces and the breakdown of superposition in systems with varying drift velocities. The use of materials like graphene and aerogel, with their significantly different drift velocities compared to copper, is crucial in amplifying these effects.

A Novel Device: Harnessing the Unseen Forces

The culmination of this research is a prototype device that generates a measurable external force using the principles outlined above. This device utilizes a combination of graphene sheets and aerogel blocks, carefully arranged and powered to exploit the longitudinal and perpendicular forces. The experiment demonstrates the generation of an upward force of approximately 200 millinewtons (20 grams) with a power consumption of only 25 watts.

Implications and Future Directions

Richard Banduric’s research challenges the fundamental assumptions of electromagnetism and opens up exciting possibilities for field propulsion. The development of a propulsion system that doesn’t rely on propellant would revolutionize space travel and numerous other applications. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the need for a paradigm shift in our understanding of electromagnetism, urging researchers to move beyond the limitations of simplified models and embrace the complexities of relativistic electrodynamics. The detailed experimental setup and results, while partially obscured due to classification, provide sufficient information for independent verification and further research. This work promises to be a significant step towards unlocking the potential of field propulsion and reshaping our understanding of the universe.